∗Department of Urology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
†Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
‡Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
§Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, Toronto, ON, Canada
¶Department of Surgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Center, Toronto, ON, Canada
||Department of Surgery, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
∗∗Division of Urology, Medical College of Georgia – Augusta University, Augusta, GA
††Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
‡‡Department of Urology, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX
§§Center for Outcomes Research, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX
¶¶George Washington University, School of Medicine and Health Sciences
||||Institute for Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
∗∗∗Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
†††Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital and University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
‡‡‡Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.
[email protected].
Author Contribution: All authors have been included on the basis of substantial contribution of concept/design, data analysis or interpretation as well as drafting, critical revision of the manuscript with final approval of the submitted version. C.J.D.W. and R.S. have verified the underlying data. The nature of this work, including the involvement of a large number of surgical subspecialties as well as anesthesiology, necessitated a large authorship group. C.J.D.W.— primary author, formulated study question, guided statistical analysis, drafted and revised manuscript; A.J.—key anesthesiology collaborator, formulated study question, guided statistical analysis, revised manuscript; K.K.—key anesthesiology collaborator, formulated study question, guided statistical analysis, revised manuscript; J.H.—general surgery collaborator, contributed to cohort definition, expertise in surgeon–anesthesiology interactions, revised manuscript; N.C.—general surgery collaborator, contributed to cohort definition, guided statistical analysis, expertise in surgical outcomes research, revised manuscript; F.C.W.—general surgery collaborator, contributed to cohort definition, guided statistical analysis, expertise in surgical outcomes research and interface between surgical and anthrolopologic research, revised manuscript; L. G.C. —anthropologist collaborator, key perspective on interactions between physicians and sociologic considerations, revised manuscript; D.B.—general surgery collaborator, contributed to cohort definition, guided statistical analysis, expertise in surgical outcomes research, revised manuscript;
A.C.—general surgery collaborator, contributed to cohort definition, guided statistical analysis, expertise in surgical outcomes research, revised manuscript; Z.K. —urology collaborator, contributed to cohort definition, guided statistical analysis, expertise in surgical outcomes research, revised manuscript; A.Z.— urology collaborator, contributed to cohort definition, guided statistical analysis, senior surgeon with substantial lived experience which contributes importantly to understanding the social dynamics relevant to this manuscript, revised manuscript; G.S.K.—urology collaborator, contributed to cohort definition, guided statistical analysis, expertise in surgical outcomes research, revised manuscript; A.N.L.—urology collaborator, contributed to cohort definition, guided statistical analysis, expertise in surgical outcomes research and the role and unique experiences of women in surgery, revised manuscript; K.A.— plastic surgery collaborator, contributed to cohort definition, guided statistical analysis, expertise in surgical outcomes research, revised manuscript; K.L.— urology collaborator, contributed to cohort definition, guided statistical analysis, revised manuscript; B.B.—general surgery collaborator, contributed to cohort definition, guided statistical analysis, expertise in surgical outcomes research and surgical policy, revised manuscript.
A.S.D.—general internal medicine, epidemiology, and health policy collaborator, contributed to cohort definition, guided statistical analysis, expertise in health policy, revised manuscript; R.S.—senior author, formulated study question, contributed to cohort definition, guided statistical analysis, expertise in surgical outcomes research. revised manuscript.
The authors report no conflicts of interest.
Disclaimer: This study made use of de-identified data from the iCES Data Repository, which is managed by the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences with support from its funders and partners: Canada's Strategy for Patient-Oriented Research (SPOR), the Ontario SPOR Support Unit, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research and the Government of Ontario. The opinions, results and conclusions reported are those of the authors. No endorsement by ICES or any of its funders or partners is intended or should be inferred. Parts of this material are based on data and information compiled and provided by CiHi. However, the analyses, conclusions, opinions and statements expressed herein are those of the author, and not necessarily those of CIHI.
Data Access: Due to privacy rules imposed by ICES, raw data utilized in this study is not available from the authors. However, interested parties may obtain this information directly from ICES upon submission of the appropriate request.
Acknowledgement of Research Support: None
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