∗Center for Patient and Professional Advocacy, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
†Department of General Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
‡Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
§Department of Surgery, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC
¶Department of General Surgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC
||Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
∗∗Department of Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, iL
††Department of Surgery, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
‡‡Department of Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
§§Department of Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
¶¶Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
||||Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
∗∗∗Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
†††Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA
‡‡‡Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA
§§§Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC
¶¶¶Department of Clinical Effectiveness and Quality Improvement, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Philadelphia, PA.
[email protected].
Author contributions: Dr. Cooper and Mr. Domenico had full access to all the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.
Study concept and design: Cooper, Hickson, Guillamondegui, Cannon, Charles, Hoth, Alam, Tillou, Luchette, Skeete, Domenico, Meredith, Brennan, Smith, Kelz, Biesterveld, Busuttil, Jopling, Hopkins, Emory, Sullivan, Martin, Howerton, Cryer, Davidson, Gonzalez, Spain.
Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: Cooper, Hickson, Guillamondegui, Cannon, Charles, Hoth, Alam, Tillou, Luchette, Skeete, Domenico, Biesterveld, Spain.
Drafting of the manuscript: Cooper.
Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: Cooper, Hickson, Guillamondegui, Cannon, Charles, Hoth, Alam, Tillou, Luchette, Skeete, Domenico, Meredith, Brennan, Smith, Kelz, Biesterveld, Busuttil, Jopling, Hopkins, Emory, Sullivan, Martin, Howerton, Cryer, Davidson, Gonzalez, Spain.
Statistical analysis: Cooper, Domenico.
Administrative, technical, or material support: Cooper, Hickson,
Study supervision: Cooper, Hickson.
The authors report no conflicts of interest.
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