∗Surgical Outcomes and Quality Improvement Center (SOQIC), Department of Surgery and Center for Healthcare Studies, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
†American College of Surgeons, Chicago, Illinois
‡Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
§Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
¶Department of Surgery, University of Alabama Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
||Department of Surgery, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, Virginia
∗∗Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska
††Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
[email protected].
Author Contributions: Study Conception and Design: Ellis, Nicolas, Cheung, Zhang, Ma, Turner, Nussbaum, Are, Smink, Etkin, Bilimoria, Hu.
Acquisition of Data: Ellis, Nicolas, Zhang, Ma, Bilimoria, Hu.
Analysis and Interpretation of Data: Ellis, Nicolas, Cheung, Zhang, Ma, Bilimoria, Hu
Drafting of Manuscript: Ellis, Nicolas, Bilimoria, Hu.
Critical Revision: Ellis, Nicolas, Cheung, Zhang, Ma, Turner, Nussbaum, Are, Smink, Etkin, Bilimoria, Hu.
The American College of Surgeons as an organization had no role in the design and conduct of the study; analysis and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication. Views expressed in this work represent those of the authors only. RJE was supported by postdoctoral research fellowships (Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality [AHRQ] 5T32HS000078).
The authors report no conflicts of interest.
