From the *Division of Research and Optimal Patient Care, American College of Surgeons, Chicago, IL; †Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; ‡Olin Business School, Washington University in St. Louis, MO; §Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, ¶Department of Surgery, University of California Los Angeles David Geffen School of Medicine and the VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA; and ‖Department of Surgery, John Cochran Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Center for Health Policy and the Olin Business School, and Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO.
M.V.R is supported by the John Gray Research Fellowship and the Daniel F. and Ada L. Rice Foundation. B.L.H was supported by the Center for Health Policy, under the direction of Dr. William Peck, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO.
M.V.R and A.I.M participate in the American College of Surgeons Clinical Scholars in Residence Program. B.L.H also works on behalf of the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program for the American College of Surgeons No competing interests are declared by any author.
The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program and the hospitals participating in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program are the source of the data used herein; they have not verified and are not responsible for the statistical validity of the data analysis or the conclusions derived by the authors. This study does not represent the views or plans of the American College of Surgeons or the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program.
Reprints: Mehul V. Raval, MD, American College of Surgeons, 633 N. St. Clair, 22nd Floor, Chicago, IL 60611. E-mail: [email protected]
