From the ^*Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

^†Penn Center for Perioperative Outcomes, Research and Transformation, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

^‡Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Accepted for publication August 10, 2022.

Conflicts of Interest: See Disclosures at the end of the article.

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Address correspondence to Emily A. Vail, MD, MSc, 333 Blockley Hall, 423 Guardian Dr, Philadelphia, PA 19104. Address e-mail to [email protected].