From the *Department of Surgery, Divisions of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, The Ottawa Hospital and the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
†School of Epidemiology & Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
‡Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
§The O’Brien Institute of Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
∥Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
¶ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
#Departments of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital and the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
**Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
††Sunnybrook Research Institute, Department of Anesthesia, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
‡‡Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
§§Department of Anesthesia, St Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
∥∥Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Accepted for publication August 8, 2022.
This study was supported by ICES, which is funded by an annual grant from the Ontario Ministry of Health and Ministry of Long-Term Care. Parts of this material are based on data and information compiled and provided by Ministries of Health and of Long-Term Care, IMS Brogan, and the Canadian Institute for Health Information. The analyses, conclusions, opinions, and statements expressed herein are solely those of the authors and do not reflect those of the funding or data sources; no endorsement is intended or should be inferred.
Conflicts of Interest: See Disclosures at the end of the article.
Supplemental digital content is available for this article. Direct URL citations appear in the printed text and are provided in the HTML and PDF versions of this article on the journal’s website.
Reprints will not be available from the authors.
Address correspondence to Daniel I. McIsaac, MD, MPH, FRCPC, Room B311, 1053 Carling Ave, Ottawa, ON K1Y 4E9, Canada. Address e-mail to [email protected].
