From the *Critical Care and Perioperative Population Health Research (CAPER) Unit, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
†Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
‡Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
§Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
∥Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
¶Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
#Department of Neurology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
**Department of Medicine Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
††Population Health Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina.
Accepted for publication October 25, 2021.
Funding: This study was supported by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (K23 NS109274, principal investigator: V. Krishnamoorthy).
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Supplemental digital content is available for this article. Direct URL citations appear in the printed text and are provided in the HTML and PDF versions of this article on the journal’s website (www.anesthesia-analgesia.org).
Institutional review board (IRB): This study was exempt from IRB review at Duke University given the fully deidentified nature of the Premier Healthcare Database.
Reprints will not be available from the authors.
Address correspondence to Vijay Krishnamoorthy, MD, MPH, PhD, Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710. Address e-mail to [email protected].