From the *Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan
†Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
‡Department of Medical Education, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
§Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio
‖Department of Public Health Science, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan
¶Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan.
Accepted for publication September 13, 2022.
Funding: This study was supported by internal funding from Henry Ford Health and Wayne State University.
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
Supplemental digital content is available for this article. Direct URL citations appear in the printed text and are provided in the HTML and PDF versions of this article on the journal’s website (www.anesthesia-analgesia.org).
Reprints will not be available from the authors.
Address correspondence to Joshua D. Younger, MD, Department of Anesthesiology, Pain Management, and Perioperative Medicine, Henry Ford Health, 2850 W Grand Blvd, Detroit, MI 48202. Address e-mail to [email protected].