From the *University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN;
†California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA;
‡LAAW International, LLC, Scottsdale, AZ;
§Police Department, Plymouth, MN; and
∥Valdosta State University, Valdosta, GA.
Manuscript received October 15, 2018; accepted November 10, 2018.
M.B.R. is an independent consultant. S.B.K. is a consultant cardiac pathologist.
There was no funding for this study, and all time was donated. M.W.K., M.A.B., D.L.R., and S.B.K. have been expert witnesses in use-of-force litigation or coroner's inquests.
The authors report no conflict of interest.
Reprints: Mark W. Kroll, PhD, FAIMBE, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Box 23, Crystal Bay, MN 55323. E-mail: [email protected].
