Department of Health Administration, Brooks College of Health, University of North Florida, Jacksonville (Drs Hamadi, Zhao, Haley, Xu, and Paryani); and Division of Health Care Policy and Research, Department of Health Sciences Research, Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern, Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida (Dr Spaulding).
Correspondence: Hanadi Hamadi, PhD, Department of Health Administration, Brooks College of Health, University of North Florida, 1 UNF Dr, Jacksonville, FL 32224 ([email protected]).
Author Contributions: H. Hamadi assisted in conceiving and designing the work, analyzing and interpreting the data, and writing part of the manuscript. M. Zhao assisted in conceiving and designing the work, literature search, writing part of the manuscript, and critical revision of manuscript for important intellectual content. D. Haley assisted in conceiving and designing the work and critical revision of manuscript for important intellectual content. J. Xu assisted in writing part of the manuscript and critical revision of data analysis and interpretation for important intellectual content. S. Paryani assisted in drafting part of the manuscript, literature search, and critical revision of manuscript for important intellectual content. A. Spaulding assisted in conceiving and designing the work, interpreting the data, and drafting part of the manuscript. All authors made substantive comments and edits to produce the final version. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
The CMS Outpatient Efficiency Program Data is publicly available and can be directly downloaded at https://data.cms.gov/provider-data.
The authors have disclosed that they have no significant relationships with, or financial interest in, any commercial companies pertaining to this article.
