“Teratoid” Wilms Tumor

The Extreme End of Heterologous Element Differentiation, Not a Separate Entity

Abstract

Wilms tumor (WT) may show a diverse range of heterologous elements (HEs). Cases with predominant/prominent HEs have been reported as “teratoid” WT, albeit on the basis of poorly defined criteria. It has been suggested that “teratoid” WTs are rare, and associated with a poor response to chemotherapy, but a good outcome. However, these claims have not been tested previously in any large cohort of cases. Here, we performed a systematic study to determine the incidence, diversity, and clinicopathologic association of HEs in 691 WTs, all of which were treated according to the same protocol, which included preoperative chemotherapy, and all with central pathology review. We found that 4% (28/691) of WTs showed ≥3 HEs (“teratoid” WT in our study), which was comparable to the numbers of completely necrotic, epithelial, focal anaplastic, and blastemal WTs. “Teratoid” WTs were strongly associated with younger age at presentation (21 vs. 39 mo, P=0.0001), bilateral disease (28.6% vs. 7.2%, P=0.001), stromal-type WT (57.1% vs. 11.0%, P<0.00001), and intralobar nephrogenic rests (35.7% vs. 11.9%, P=0.0001), when compared with non-“teratoid” WT. We also found that stromal-type WT, regardless of HE differentiation, was itself associated with younger age, bilateral disease, and intralobar nephrogenic rest. Furthermore, >80% of cases with ≥3 HEs, and also of cases with 2 HEs and 1 HE, showed ≥50% stroma in their viable components. We conclude that a tendency toward stromal differentiation is a strong and unifying factor in HE formation. “Teratoid” WT represents the more extreme end of HE differentiation, rather than a separate entity, and therefore the term should not be used in the final diagnosis. The prognosis of WTs depends only on their overall histologic type and stage, and it is not additionally influenced by the presence of “teratoid” features.