Although it is known that marijuana is used for medical purposes by HIV-positive individuals, the extent and determinants of this usage has not been characterized. We are reporting on the clinical and demographic characteristics of individuals who report using medical marijuana and antiretroviral agents.
The analysis was based upon HIV-positive men and women who had ever taken anti-HIV therapy, were 18 years and older, and who completed the 1998–1999 annual participant survey of the British Columbia Centre for Excellence's Drug Treatment Programme between 1 October 1998 and 30 September 1999. The Centre distributes antiretroviral medications to HIV-positive individuals meeting specific criteria, and is the only free source of antiretroviral medications in British Columbia. The survey elicits information about participants’ socioeconomic status, clinical status, and current and past use of HIV-related medications, adverse side-effects, and complementary therapies. The survey contains the Comell–Radimer scale, which is a previously validated scale used to measure the prevalence of food and hunger insecurity at both individual and household levels [1]
Statistical comparisons were conducted using distribution-free methods. Categorical variables and ordinal and skewed continuous variables were compared with the Mantel–Haenszel and the Wilcoxon rank sum test, respectively. Stepwise logistic regression was used to identify patient characteristics independently associated with medical marijuana use. All reported P values are two-sided.
A total of 1099 HIV-positive individuals completed the annual 1998–1999 participant survey between 1 October 1998 and 30 September 1999. Of these, 977 individuals (89%) responded to the question regarding medical marijuana use. Of these, 141 (14%) were currently using medical manjuana. Medical marijuana users were more likely to be men (97 versus 92%, P = 0.024) and younger (median age 39 versus 41 years, P = 0.008) than non-medical marijuana users.
There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups with respect to clinical status, including a history of an AIDS-defining event, CD4 cell count, HIV-RNA viral load, the number of antiretroviral agents being taken, the length of time on antiretroviral agents, or being on multiple (more than three) antiretroviral drugs. However, nearly half of the 52 side-effects noted in the questionnaire were statistically associated with marijuana use. Each of the gastrointestinal symptoms was statistically significant (P < 0.050), as was the gastrointestinal category as a group (P < 0.001). Painful side-effects classified as either ‘muscle and skeletal problems’ (aches in joints or muscles) or ‘peripheral nervous system problems’ (circumoral parathesia, peripheral neuropathy) were all statistically significant. Urinary problems as a category were statistically significant (P = 0.019), as were some of the individual characteristics within that category, such as kidney stones, being told by one's doctor that one's kidneys are not functioning properly, and abdominal pain caused by kidney spasm (P < 0.010).
Three levels of food and hunger issues were statistically significantly associated with marijuana use (P < 0.050). These were household food insecurity (P < 0.001), individual food insecurity (P = 0.019), and individual hunger (P = 0.037).
As shown in Table 1 the multivariate analysis of factors associated with medical marijuana use indicated that being male [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 3.53; 95% confidence interval (Cl) 1.24–10.42], experiencing peripheral neuropathy (AOR 2.12; 95% Cl 1.42–3.15), experiencing gastrointestinal side-effects (AOR 1.77; 95% Cl 1.17–2.67), being food and hunger insecure (AOR 1.51; 95% Cl 1.02–2.22), and younger age (by one year increment) (AOR 0.96; 95% Cl 0.94–0.98) were independently and positively associated with medical marijuana use. Interactions were investigated between all univariately significant results, and no statistically significant interactions were found.
Table 1: Multivariate logistic regression analysis of sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with medical marijuana use among 977 HIV-positive participants ever on anti-HIV therapy.
There are several implications to our findings. First, this is among the first studies to determine a prevalence rate for the use of medical marijuana among HIV-positive individuals, and suggests that medical marijuana is widely used in this community.
Second, our data strongly suggests that individuals in this cohort are using marijuana to manage pharmaceutical side-effects, and in particular gastrointestinal symptoms and peripheral neuropathy. Although it has been reported elsewhere that individuals use marijuana as a pain management strategy [2–4] [5–7]
Third, marijuana users report greater food and hunger insecurity. This suggests that poverty may be an important limiting factor in the ability of individuals to manage side-effects and symptoms appropriately. The mechanism of how this phenomenon functions needs to be better elucidated; however, these data suggest that marijuana users do not have enough to eat.
There are limitations to this study. First, our study population may not be representative of all program participants on antiretroviral agents. In particular, we found that individuals in our study were older, more likely to be men, to have AIDS at baseline, and had a higher CD4 cell count than other participants in the program who did not respond to the participant survey. Second, there is no adequate control group. It is known that among HIV-negative gay and bisexual men under the age of 30 years in Vancouver, Canada, 60–70% report using marijuana for recreational purposes [8]
In summary, our data indicate that among HIV-positive individuals on anti-HIV medications in British Columbia, approximately 15% are using marijuana for medical purposes. These individuals are more likely to be men, younger, experiencing side-effects, and experiencing issues of hunger as a consequence of poverty.
Paula Braitsteinab
Tamil Kendallb
Keith Chana
Evan Wooda
Julio S. G. Montanerac
Michael V. O'Shaughnessyad
Robert S. Hoggae
References
1. Olson C, Frongillo E Jr, Kendall A. Measuring the prevalence of hunger and food insecurity in communities: principles and methods. In: Food security in the United States: a guidebook for public issues education. Wilkins NLJ (editor). Washington, DC, USA: States Department of Agriculture; 1994. pp. 41–48.
2. Formukong EA, Evans AT, Evans FJ.
Analgesic and antiinflammatory activity of constituents of Cannabis sativa L. Inflammation 1988, 12: 361 –371.
3. McPartland JM, Pruitt PL.
Medical marijuana and its use by the immunocompromised. Altern Ther Health Med 1997, 3: 39 –45.
4. Russo E.
Cannabis for migraine treatment: the once and future prescription? An historical and scientific review. Pain 1998, 76: 3 –8.
5. Malec J, Harvey RF, Cayner JJ.
Cannabis effect on spasticity in spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1982, 63: 116 –118.
6. Meinck HM, Schonle PW, Conrad B.
Effect of cannabinoids on spasticity and ataxia in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol 1989, 236: 120 –122.
7. Muller-Vahi KR, Kolbe H, Schneider U, Emrich HM.
Cannabis in movement disorders. Forsch Komplementarmedizin 1999, 6 (Suppl. 3): 23 –27.
8. Craib KJP, Weber AC, Cornelisse PGA,
et al. :
Comparison of sexual behaviors, unprotected sex, and substance use between two independent cohorts of gay and bisexual men. AIDS 14 :303–311.
