Ong, Kevin L.; Villarraga, Marta L.; Lau, Edmund; Carreon, Leah Y.; Kurtz, Steven M.; Glassman, Steven D.
Spine. 35(19):1794-1800, September 1, 2010.
doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181ecf6e4
The national prevalence of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) usage was evaluated using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample. Between 2003 and 2007, the annual number of procedures involving BMP increased by 4.3-fold from 23,900 to 103,194. The predominant use of BMP was in primary posterior lumbar interbody fusion or transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (30.0%). At least 85% of BMP usage was off-label.